Characterization of optical clearing mechanisms in kidney tissues: discrimination of clear cell renal cell carcinoma Maria R. Pinheiro1,2, Maria I. Carvalho1,2, Valery V. Tuchin3,4, Luís M. Oliveira1,5; 1Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal; 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal; 3Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia; 4Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia; 5School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal